.. highlightlang:: c
.. _unicodeobjects:
Unicode Objects and Codecs
--------------------------
.. sectionauthor:: Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com>
Unicode Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Unicode Type
""""""""""""
These are the basic Unicode object types used for the Unicode implementation in
Python:
.. c:type:: Py_UNICODE
This type represents the storage type which is used by Python internally as
basis for holding Unicode ordinals. Python's default builds use a 16-bit type
for :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` and store Unicode values internally as UCS2. It is also
possible to build a UCS4 version of Python (most recent Linux distributions come
with UCS4 builds of Python). These builds then use a 32-bit type for
:c:type:`Py_UNICODE` and store Unicode data internally as UCS4. On platforms
where :c:type:`wchar_t` is available and compatible with the chosen Python
Unicode build variant, :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` is a typedef alias for
:c:type:`wchar_t` to enhance native platform compatibility. On all other
platforms, :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` is a typedef alias for either :c:type:`unsigned
short` (UCS2) or :c:type:`unsigned long` (UCS4).
Note that UCS2 and UCS4 Python builds are not binary compatible. Please keep
this in mind when writing extensions or interfaces.
.. c:type:: PyUnicodeObject
This subtype of :c:type:`PyObject` represents a Python Unicode object.
.. c:var:: PyTypeObject PyUnicode_Type
This instance of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python Unicode type. It
is exposed to Python code as ``unicode`` and ``types.UnicodeType``.
The following APIs are really C macros and can be used to do fast checks and to
access internal read-only data of Unicode objects:
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Check(PyObject *o)
Return true if the object *o* is a Unicode object or an instance of a Unicode
subtype.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Allowed subtypes to be accepted.
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_CheckExact(PyObject *o)
Return true if the object *o* is a Unicode object, but not an instance of a
subtype.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(PyObject *o)
Return the size of the object. *o* has to be a :c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not
checked).
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function returned an :c:type:`int` type. This might require changes
in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE(PyObject *o)
Return the size of the object's internal buffer in bytes. *o* has to be a
:c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function returned an :c:type:`int` type. This might require changes
in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE* PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(PyObject *o)
Return a pointer to the internal :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the object. *o*
has to be a :c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).
.. c:function:: const char* PyUnicode_AS_DATA(PyObject *o)
Return a pointer to the internal buffer of the object. *o* has to be a
:c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_ClearFreeList()
Clear the free list. Return the total number of freed items.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
Unicode Character Properties
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
Unicode provides many different character properties. The most often needed ones
are available through these macros which are mapped to C functions depending on
the Python configuration.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a whitespace character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a lowercase character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an uppercase character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a titlecase character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a linebreak character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a decimal character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a digit character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a numeric character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphabetic character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphanumeric character.
These APIs can be used for fast direct character conversions:
.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return the character *ch* converted to lower case.
.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return the character *ch* converted to upper case.
.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return the character *ch* converted to title case.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return the character *ch* converted to a decimal positive integer. Return
``-1`` if this is not possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_TODIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return the character *ch* converted to a single digit integer. Return ``-1`` if
this is not possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.
.. c:function:: double Py_UNICODE_TONUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)
Return the character *ch* converted to a double. Return ``-1.0`` if this is not
possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.
Plain Py_UNICODE
""""""""""""""""
To create Unicode objects and access their basic sequence properties, use these
APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromUnicode(const Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t size)
Create a Unicode object from the Py_UNICODE buffer *u* of the given size. *u*
may be *NULL* which causes the contents to be undefined. It is the user's
responsibility to fill in the needed data. The buffer is copied into the new
object. If the buffer is not *NULL*, the return value might be a shared object.
Therefore, modification of the resulting Unicode object is only allowed when *u*
is *NULL*.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(const char *u, Py_ssize_t size)
Create a Unicode object from the char buffer *u*. The bytes will be interpreted
as being UTF-8 encoded. *u* may also be *NULL* which
causes the contents to be undefined. It is the user's responsibility to fill in
the needed data. The buffer is copied into the new object. If the buffer is not
*NULL*, the return value might be a shared object. Therefore, modification of
the resulting Unicode object is only allowed when *u* is *NULL*.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. c:function:: PyObject *PyUnicode_FromString(const char *u)
Create a Unicode object from an UTF-8 encoded null-terminated char buffer
*u*.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
Take a C :c:func:`printf`\ -style *format* string and a variable number of
arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python unicode string and return
a string with the values formatted into it. The variable arguments must be C
types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the *format*
string. The following format characters are allowed:
.. % The descriptions for %zd and %zu are wrong, but the truth is complicated
.. % because not all compilers support the %z width modifier -- we fake it
.. % when necessary via interpolating PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T.
.. tabularcolumns:: |l|l|L|
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| Format Characters | Type | Comment |
+===================+=====================+================================+
| :attr:`%%` | *n/a* | The literal % character. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%c` | int | A single character, |
| | | represented as an C int. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%d` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%d")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%u` | unsigned int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%u")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%ld` | long | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%ld")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%lu` | unsigned long | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%lu")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%zd` | Py_ssize_t | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%zd")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%zu` | size_t | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%zu")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%i` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%i")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%x` | int | Exactly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%x")``. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%s` | char\* | A null-terminated C character |
| | | array. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%p` | void\* | The hex representation of a C |
| | | pointer. Mostly equivalent to |
| | | ``printf("%p")`` except that |
| | | it is guaranteed to start with |
| | | the literal ``0x`` regardless |
| | | of what the platform's |
| | | ``printf`` yields. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%U` | PyObject\* | A unicode object. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%V` | PyObject\*, char \* | A unicode object (which may be |
| | | *NULL*) and a null-terminated |
| | | C character array as a second |
| | | parameter (which will be used, |
| | | if the first parameter is |
| | | *NULL*). |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%S` | PyObject\* | The result of calling |
| | | :func:`PyObject_Unicode`. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
| :attr:`%R` | PyObject\* | The result of calling |
| | | :func:`PyObject_Repr`. |
+-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
Identical to :func:`PyUnicode_FromFormat` except that it takes exactly two
arguments.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE* PyUnicode_AsUnicode(PyObject *unicode)
Return a read-only pointer to the Unicode object's internal
:c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer, *NULL* if *unicode* is not a Unicode object.
Note that the resulting :c:type:`Py_UNICODE*` string may contain embedded
null characters, which would cause the string to be truncated when used in
most C functions.
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GetSize(PyObject *unicode)
Return the length of the Unicode object.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function returned an :c:type:`int` type. This might require changes
in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(PyObject *obj, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
Coerce an encoded object *obj* to an Unicode object and return a reference with
incremented refcount.
String and other char buffer compatible objects are decoded according to the
given encoding and using the error handling defined by errors. Both can be
*NULL* to have the interface use the default values (see the next section for
details).
All other objects, including Unicode objects, cause a :exc:`TypeError` to be
set.
The API returns *NULL* if there was an error. The caller is responsible for
decref'ing the returned objects.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromObject(PyObject *obj)
Shortcut for ``PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(obj, NULL, "strict")`` which is used
throughout the interpreter whenever coercion to Unicode is needed.
If the platform supports :c:type:`wchar_t` and provides a header file wchar.h,
Python can interface directly to this type using the following functions.
Support is optimized if Python's own :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` type is identical to
the system's :c:type:`wchar_t`.
wchar_t Support
"""""""""""""""
:c:type:`wchar_t` support for platforms which support it:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromWideChar(const wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
Create a Unicode object from the :c:type:`wchar_t` buffer *w* of the given *size*.
Return *NULL* on failure.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_AsWideChar(PyUnicodeObject *unicode, wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
Copy the Unicode object contents into the :c:type:`wchar_t` buffer *w*. At most
*size* :c:type:`wchar_t` characters are copied (excluding a possibly trailing
0-termination character). Return the number of :c:type:`wchar_t` characters
copied or -1 in case of an error. Note that the resulting :c:type:`wchar_t`
string may or may not be 0-terminated. It is the responsibility of the caller
to make sure that the :c:type:`wchar_t` string is 0-terminated in case this is
required by the application. Also, note that the :c:type:`wchar_t*` string
might contain null characters, which would cause the string to be truncated
when used with most C functions.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function returned an :c:type:`int` type and used an :c:type:`int`
type for *size*. This might require changes in your code for properly
supporting 64-bit systems.
.. _builtincodecs:
Built-in Codecs
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Python provides a set of built-in codecs which are written in C for speed. All of
these codecs are directly usable via the following functions.
Many of the following APIs take two arguments encoding and errors, and they
have the same semantics as the ones of the built-in :func:`unicode` Unicode
object constructor.
Setting encoding to *NULL* causes the default encoding to be used which is
ASCII. The file system calls should use :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding`
as the encoding for file names. This variable should be treated as read-only: on
some systems, it will be a pointer to a static string, on others, it will change
at run-time (such as when the application invokes setlocale).
Error handling is set by errors which may also be set to *NULL* meaning to use
the default handling defined for the codec. Default error handling for all
built-in codecs is "strict" (:exc:`ValueError` is raised).
The codecs all use a similar interface. Only deviation from the following
generic ones are documented for simplicity.
Generic Codecs
""""""""""""""
These are the generic codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Decode(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the encoded string *s*.
*encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name
in the :func:`unicode` built-in function. The codec to be used is looked up
using the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Encode(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer *s* of the given *size* and return a Python
string object. *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters
of the same name in the Unicode :meth:`encode` method. The codec to be used is
looked up using the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception was
raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(PyObject *unicode, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
Encode a Unicode object and return the result as Python string object.
*encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name
in the Unicode :meth:`encode` method. The codec to be used is looked up using
the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
codec.
UTF-8 Codecs
""""""""""""
These are the UTF-8 codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the UTF-8 encoded string
*s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8`. If
*consumed* is not *NULL*, trailing incomplete UTF-8 byte sequences will not be
treated as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of bytes
that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF8(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer *s* of the given *size* using UTF-8 and return a
Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(PyObject *unicode)
Encode a Unicode object using UTF-8 and return the result as Python string
object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
by the codec.
UTF-32 Codecs
"""""""""""""
These are the UTF-32 codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder)
Decode *size* bytes from a UTF-32 encoded buffer string and return the
corresponding Unicode object. *errors* (if non-*NULL*) defines the error
handling. It defaults to "strict".
If *byteorder* is non-*NULL*, the decoder starts decoding using the given byte
order::
*byteorder == -1: little endian
*byteorder == 0: native order
*byteorder == 1: big endian
If ``*byteorder`` is zero, and the first four bytes of the input data are a
byte order mark (BOM), the decoder switches to this byte order and the BOM is
not copied into the resulting Unicode string. If ``*byteorder`` is ``-1`` or
``1``, any byte order mark is copied to the output.
After completion, *\*byteorder* is set to the current byte order at the end
of input data.
In a narrow build codepoints outside the BMP will be decoded as surrogate pairs.
If *byteorder* is *NULL*, the codec starts in native order mode.
Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32`. If
*consumed* is not *NULL*, :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful` will not treat
trailing incomplete UTF-32 byte sequences (such as a number of bytes not divisible
by four) as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of bytes
that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int byteorder)
Return a Python bytes object holding the UTF-32 encoded value of the Unicode
data in *s*. Output is written according to the following byte order::
byteorder == -1: little endian
byteorder == 0: native byte order (writes a BOM mark)
byteorder == 1: big endian
If byteorder is ``0``, the output string will always start with the Unicode BOM
mark (U+FEFF). In the other two modes, no BOM mark is prepended.
If *Py_UNICODE_WIDE* is not defined, surrogate pairs will be output
as a single codepoint.
Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF32String(PyObject *unicode)
Return a Python string using the UTF-32 encoding in native byte order. The
string always starts with a BOM mark. Error handling is "strict". Return
*NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
UTF-16 Codecs
"""""""""""""
These are the UTF-16 codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder)
Decode *size* bytes from a UTF-16 encoded buffer string and return the
corresponding Unicode object. *errors* (if non-*NULL*) defines the error
handling. It defaults to "strict".
If *byteorder* is non-*NULL*, the decoder starts decoding using the given byte
order::
*byteorder == -1: little endian
*byteorder == 0: native order
*byteorder == 1: big endian
If ``*byteorder`` is zero, and the first two bytes of the input data are a
byte order mark (BOM), the decoder switches to this byte order and the BOM is
not copied into the resulting Unicode string. If ``*byteorder`` is ``-1`` or
``1``, any byte order mark is copied to the output (where it will result in
either a ``\ufeff`` or a ``\ufffe`` character).
After completion, *\*byteorder* is set to the current byte order at the end
of input data.
If *byteorder* is *NULL*, the codec starts in native order mode.
Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16`. If
*consumed* is not *NULL*, :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful` will not treat
trailing incomplete UTF-16 byte sequences (such as an odd number of bytes or a
split surrogate pair) as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the
number of bytes that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size* and an :c:type:`int *`
type for *consumed*. This might require changes in your code for
properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int byteorder)
Return a Python string object holding the UTF-16 encoded value of the Unicode
data in *s*. Output is written according to the following byte order::
byteorder == -1: little endian
byteorder == 0: native byte order (writes a BOM mark)
byteorder == 1: big endian
If byteorder is ``0``, the output string will always start with the Unicode BOM
mark (U+FEFF). In the other two modes, no BOM mark is prepended.
If *Py_UNICODE_WIDE* is defined, a single :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` value may get
represented as a surrogate pair. If it is not defined, each :c:type:`Py_UNICODE`
values is interpreted as an UCS-2 character.
Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF16String(PyObject *unicode)
Return a Python string using the UTF-16 encoding in native byte order. The
string always starts with a BOM mark. Error handling is "strict". Return
*NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
UTF-7 Codecs
""""""""""""
These are the UTF-7 codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the UTF-7 encoded string
*s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7`. If
*consumed* is not *NULL*, trailing incomplete UTF-7 base-64 sections will not
be treated as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of
bytes that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, int base64SetO, int base64WhiteSpace, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using UTF-7 and
return a Python bytes object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
the codec.
If *base64SetO* is nonzero, "Set O" (punctuation that has no otherwise
special meaning) will be encoded in base-64. If *base64WhiteSpace* is
nonzero, whitespace will be encoded in base-64. Both are set to zero for the
Python "utf-7" codec.
Unicode-Escape Codecs
"""""""""""""""""""""
These are the "Unicode Escape" codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Unicode-Escape encoded
string *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using Unicode-Escape and
return a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
Encode a Unicode object using Unicode-Escape and return the result as Python
string object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was
raised by the codec.
Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs
"""""""""""""""""""""""""
These are the "Raw Unicode Escape" codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Raw-Unicode-Escape
encoded string *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeRawUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using Raw-Unicode-Escape
and return a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
Encode a Unicode object using Raw-Unicode-Escape and return the result as
Python string object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception
was raised by the codec.
Latin-1 Codecs
""""""""""""""
These are the Latin-1 codec APIs: Latin-1 corresponds to the first 256 Unicode
ordinals and only these are accepted by the codecs during encoding.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Latin-1 encoded string
*s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeLatin1(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using Latin-1 and return
a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(PyObject *unicode)
Encode a Unicode object using Latin-1 and return the result as Python string
object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
by the codec.
ASCII Codecs
""""""""""""
These are the ASCII codec APIs. Only 7-bit ASCII data is accepted. All other
codes generate errors.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the ASCII encoded string
*s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeASCII(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using ASCII and return a
Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(PyObject *unicode)
Encode a Unicode object using ASCII and return the result as Python string
object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
by the codec.
Character Map Codecs
""""""""""""""""""""
This codec is special in that it can be used to implement many different codecs
(and this is in fact what was done to obtain most of the standard codecs
included in the :mod:`encodings` package). The codec uses mapping to encode and
decode characters.
Decoding mappings must map single string characters to single Unicode
characters, integers (which are then interpreted as Unicode ordinals) or None
(meaning "undefined mapping" and causing an error).
Encoding mappings must map single Unicode characters to single string
characters, integers (which are then interpreted as Latin-1 ordinals) or None
(meaning "undefined mapping" and causing an error).
The mapping objects provided must only support the __getitem__ mapping
interface.
If a character lookup fails with a LookupError, the character is copied as-is
meaning that its ordinal value will be interpreted as Unicode or Latin-1 ordinal
resp. Because of this, mappings only need to contain those mappings which map
characters to different code points.
These are the mapping codec APIs:
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *mapping, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the encoded string *s* using
the given *mapping* object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
codec. If *mapping* is *NULL* latin-1 decoding will be done. Else it can be a
dictionary mapping byte or a unicode string, which is treated as a lookup table.
Byte values greater that the length of the string and U+FFFE "characters" are
treated as "undefined mapping".
.. versionchanged:: 2.4
Allowed unicode string as mapping argument.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *mapping, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using the given
*mapping* object and return a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an
exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsCharmapString(PyObject *unicode, PyObject *mapping)
Encode a Unicode object using the given *mapping* object and return the result
as Python string object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an
exception was raised by the codec.
The following codec API is special in that maps Unicode to Unicode.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *table, const char *errors)
Translate a :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* by applying a
character mapping *table* to it and return the resulting Unicode object. Return
*NULL* when an exception was raised by the codec.
The *mapping* table must map Unicode ordinal integers to Unicode ordinal
integers or None (causing deletion of the character).
Mapping tables need only provide the :meth:`__getitem__` interface; dictionaries
and sequences work well. Unmapped character ordinals (ones which cause a
:exc:`LookupError`) are left untouched and are copied as-is.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
MBCS codecs for Windows
"""""""""""""""""""""""
These are the MBCS codec APIs. They are currently only available on Windows and
use the Win32 MBCS converters to implement the conversions. Note that MBCS (or
DBCS) is a class of encodings, not just one. The target encoding is defined by
the user settings on the machine running the codec.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the MBCS encoded string *s*.
Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful(const char *s, int size, const char *errors, int *consumed)
If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS`. If
*consumed* is not *NULL*, :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful` will not decode
trailing lead byte and the number of bytes that have been decoded will be stored
in *consumed*.
.. versionadded:: 2.5
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeMBCS(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)
Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using MBCS and return a
Python string object. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *size*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsMBCSString(PyObject *unicode)
Encode a Unicode object using MBCS and return the result as Python string
object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was raised
by the codec.
Methods & Slots
"""""""""""""""
.. _unicodemethodsandslots:
Methods and Slot Functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The following APIs are capable of handling Unicode objects and strings on input
(we refer to them as strings in the descriptions) and return Unicode objects or
integers as appropriate.
They all return *NULL* or ``-1`` if an exception occurs.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Concat(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
Concat two strings giving a new Unicode string.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Split(PyObject *s, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
Split a string giving a list of Unicode strings. If *sep* is *NULL*, splitting
will be done at all whitespace substrings. Otherwise, splits occur at the given
separator. At most *maxsplit* splits will be done. If negative, no limit is
set. Separators are not included in the resulting list.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *maxsplit*. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Splitlines(PyObject *s, int keepend)
Split a Unicode string at line breaks, returning a list of Unicode strings.
CRLF is considered to be one line break. If *keepend* is 0, the Line break
characters are not included in the resulting strings.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Translate(PyObject *str, PyObject *table, const char *errors)
Translate a string by applying a character mapping table to it and return the
resulting Unicode object.
The mapping table must map Unicode ordinal integers to Unicode ordinal integers
or None (causing deletion of the character).
Mapping tables need only provide the :meth:`__getitem__` interface; dictionaries
and sequences work well. Unmapped character ordinals (ones which cause a
:exc:`LookupError`) are left untouched and are copied as-is.
*errors* has the usual meaning for codecs. It may be *NULL* which indicates to
use the default error handling.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Join(PyObject *separator, PyObject *seq)
Join a sequence of strings using the given *separator* and return the resulting
Unicode string.
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Tailmatch(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
Return 1 if *substr* matches ``str[start:end]`` at the given tail end
(*direction* == -1 means to do a prefix match, *direction* == 1 a suffix match),
0 otherwise. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *start* and *end*. This
might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit
systems.
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Find(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
Return the first position of *substr* in ``str[start:end]`` using the given
*direction* (*direction* == 1 means to do a forward search, *direction* == -1 a
backward search). The return value is the index of the first match; a value of
``-1`` indicates that no match was found, and ``-2`` indicates that an error
occurred and an exception has been set.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *start* and *end*. This
might require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit
systems.
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Count(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of *substr* in
``str[start:end]``. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function returned an :c:type:`int` type and used an :c:type:`int`
type for *start* and *end*. This might require changes in your code for
properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Replace(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, PyObject *replstr, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
Replace at most *maxcount* occurrences of *substr* in *str* with *replstr* and
return the resulting Unicode object. *maxcount* == -1 means replace all
occurrences.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *maxcount*. This might
require changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Compare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
Compare two strings and return -1, 0, 1 for less than, equal, and greater than,
respectively.
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_RichCompare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right, int op)
Rich compare two unicode strings and return one of the following:
* ``NULL`` in case an exception was raised
* :const:`Py_True` or :const:`Py_False` for successful comparisons
* :const:`Py_NotImplemented` in case the type combination is unknown
Note that :const:`Py_EQ` and :const:`Py_NE` comparisons can cause a
:exc:`UnicodeWarning` in case the conversion of the arguments to Unicode fails
with a :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError`.
Possible values for *op* are :const:`Py_GT`, :const:`Py_GE`, :const:`Py_EQ`,
:const:`Py_NE`, :const:`Py_LT`, and :const:`Py_LE`.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Format(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)
Return a new string object from *format* and *args*; this is analogous to
``format % args``. The *args* argument must be a tuple.
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Contains(PyObject *container, PyObject *element)
Check whether *element* is contained in *container* and return true or false
accordingly.
*element* has to coerce to a one element Unicode string. ``-1`` is returned if
there was an error.
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