:mod:`time` --- Time access and conversions
===========================================
.. module:: time
:synopsis: Time access and conversions.
This module provides various time-related functions. For related
functionality, see also the :mod:`datetime` and :mod:`calendar` modules.
Although this module is always available,
not all functions are available on all platforms. Most of the functions
defined in this module call platform C library functions with the same name. It
may sometimes be helpful to consult the platform documentation, because the
semantics of these functions varies among platforms.
An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
.. index:: single: epoch
* The :dfn:`epoch` is the point where the time starts. On January 1st of that
year, at 0 hours, the "time since the epoch" is zero. For Unix, the epoch is
1970. To find out what the epoch is, look at ``gmtime(0)``.
.. index:: single: Year 2038
* The functions in this module do not handle dates and times before the epoch or
far in the future. The cut-off point in the future is determined by the C
library; for Unix, it is typically in 2038.
.. index::
single: Year 2000
single: Y2K
.. _time-y2kissues:
* **Year 2000 (Y2K) issues**: Python depends on the platform's C library, which
generally doesn't have year 2000 issues, since all dates and times are
represented internally as seconds since the epoch. Functions accepting a
:class:`struct_time` (see below) generally require a 4-digit year. For backward
compatibility, 2-digit years are supported if the module variable
``accept2dyear`` is a non-zero integer; this variable is initialized to ``1``
unless the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONY2K` is set to a non-empty
string, in which case it is initialized to ``0``. Thus, you can set
:envvar:`PYTHONY2K` to a non-empty string in the environment to require 4-digit
years for all year input. When 2-digit years are accepted, they are converted
according to the POSIX or X/Open standard: values 69-99 are mapped to 1969-1999,
and values 0--68 are mapped to 2000--2068. Values 100--1899 are always illegal.
Note that this is new as of Python 1.5.2(a2); earlier versions, up to Python
1.5.1 and 1.5.2a1, would add 1900 to year values below 1900.
.. index::
single: UTC
single: Coordinated Universal Time
single: Greenwich Mean Time
* UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean Time, or
GMT). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between English and
French.
.. index:: single: Daylight Saving Time
* DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by (usually) one
hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic (determined by local law) and
can change from year to year. The C library has a table containing the local
rules (often it is read from a system file for flexibility) and is the only
source of True Wisdom in this respect.
* The precision of the various real-time functions may be less than suggested by
the units in which their value or argument is expressed. E.g. on most Unix
systems, the clock "ticks" only 50 or 100 times a second.
* On the other hand, the precision of :func:`.time` and :func:`sleep` is better
than their Unix equivalents: times are expressed as floating point numbers,
:func:`.time` returns the most accurate time available (using Unix
:c:func:`gettimeofday` where available), and :func:`sleep` will accept a time
with a nonzero fraction (Unix :c:func:`select` is used to implement this, where
available).
* The time value as returned by :func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and
:func:`strptime`, and accepted by :func:`asctime`, :func:`mktime` and
:func:`strftime`, may be considered as a sequence of 9 integers. The return
values of :func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime` also offer
attribute names for individual fields.
See :class:`struct_time` for a description of these objects.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
The time value sequence was changed from a tuple to a :class:`struct_time`, with
the addition of attribute names for the fields.
* Use the following functions to convert between time representations:
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| From | To | Use |
+=========================+=========================+=========================+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`gmtime` |
| | UTC | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`localtime` |
| | local time | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`calendar.timegm` |
| UTC | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`mktime` |
| local time | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
The module defines the following functions and data items:
.. data:: accept2dyear
Boolean value indicating whether two-digit year values will be accepted. This
is true by default, but will be set to false if the environment variable
:envvar:`PYTHONY2K` has been set to a non-empty string. It may also be modified
at run time.
.. data:: altzone
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is defined.
This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in Western Europe,
including the UK). Only use this if ``daylight`` is nonzero.
.. function:: asctime([t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a 24-character string of the following
form: ``'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'``. If *t* is not provided, the current time
as returned by :func:`localtime` is used. Locale information is not used by
:func:`asctime`.
.. note::
Unlike the C function of the same name, there is no trailing newline.
.. versionchanged:: 2.1
Allowed *t* to be omitted.
.. function:: clock()
.. index::
single: CPU time
single: processor time
single: benchmarking
On Unix, return the current processor time as a floating point number expressed
in seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definition of the meaning of
"processor time", depends on that of the C function of the same name, but in any
case, this is the function to use for benchmarking Python or timing algorithms.
On Windows, this function returns wall-clock seconds elapsed since the first
call to this function, as a floating point number, based on the Win32 function
:c:func:`QueryPerformanceCounter`. The resolution is typically better than one
microsecond.
.. function:: ctime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string representing
local time. If *secs* is not provided or :const:`None`, the current time as
returned by :func:`.time` is used. ``ctime(secs)`` is equivalent to
``asctime(localtime(secs))``. Locale information is not used by :func:`ctime`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.1
Allowed *secs* to be omitted.
.. versionchanged:: 2.4
If *secs* is :const:`None`, the current time is used.
.. data:: daylight
Nonzero if a DST timezone is defined.
.. function:: gmtime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a :class:`struct_time` in
UTC in which the dst flag is always zero. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. Fractions
of a second are ignored. See above for a description of the
:class:`struct_time` object. See :func:`calendar.timegm` for the inverse of this
function.
.. versionchanged:: 2.1
Allowed *secs* to be omitted.
.. versionchanged:: 2.4
If *secs* is :const:`None`, the current time is used.
.. function:: localtime([secs])
Like :func:`gmtime` but converts to local time. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. The dst
flag is set to ``1`` when DST applies to the given time.
.. versionchanged:: 2.1
Allowed *secs* to be omitted.
.. versionchanged:: 2.4
If *secs* is :const:`None`, the current time is used.
.. function:: mktime(t)
This is the inverse function of :func:`localtime`. Its argument is the
:class:`struct_time` or full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed; use ``-1``
as the dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time in *local* time, not
UTC. It returns a floating point number, for compatibility with :func:`.time`.
If the input value cannot be represented as a valid time, either
:exc:`OverflowError` or :exc:`ValueError` will be raised (which depends on
whether the invalid value is caught by Python or the underlying C libraries).
The earliest date for which it can generate a time is platform-dependent.
.. function:: sleep(secs)
Suspend execution for the given number of seconds. The argument may be a
floating point number to indicate a more precise sleep time. The actual
suspension time may be less than that requested because any caught signal will
terminate the :func:`sleep` following execution of that signal's catching
routine. Also, the suspension time may be longer than requested by an arbitrary
amount because of the scheduling of other activity in the system.
.. function:: strftime(format[, t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a string as specified by the *format*
argument. If *t* is not provided, the current time as returned by
:func:`localtime` is used. *format* must be a string. :exc:`ValueError` is
raised if any field in *t* is outside of the allowed range.
.. versionchanged:: 2.1
Allowed *t* to be omitted.
.. versionchanged:: 2.4
:exc:`ValueError` raised if a field in *t* is out of range.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
0 is now a legal argument for any position in the time tuple; if it is normally
illegal the value is forced to a correct one..
The following directives can be embedded in the *format* string. They are shown
without the optional field width and precision specification, and are replaced
by the indicated characters in the :func:`strftime` result:
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| Directive | Meaning | Notes |
+===========+================================+=======+
| ``%a`` | Locale's abbreviated weekday | |
| | name. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%A`` | Locale's full weekday name. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%b`` | Locale's abbreviated month | |
| | name. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%B`` | Locale's full month name. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%c`` | Locale's appropriate date and | |
| | time representation. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%d`` | Day of the month as a decimal | |
| | number [01,31]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%H`` | Hour (24-hour clock) as a | |
| | decimal number [00,23]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%I`` | Hour (12-hour clock) as a | |
| | decimal number [01,12]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%j`` | Day of the year as a decimal | |
| | number [001,366]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%m`` | Month as a decimal number | |
| | [01,12]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%M`` | Minute as a decimal number | |
| | [00,59]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%p`` | Locale's equivalent of either | \(1) |
| | AM or PM. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%S`` | Second as a decimal number | \(2) |
| | [00,61]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%U`` | Week number of the year | \(3) |
| | (Sunday as the first day of | |
| | the week) as a decimal number | |
| | [00,53]. All days in a new | |
| | year preceding the first | |
| | Sunday are considered to be in | |
| | week 0. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%w`` | Weekday as a decimal number | |
| | [0(Sunday),6]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%W`` | Week number of the year | \(3) |
| | (Monday as the first day of | |
| | the week) as a decimal number | |
| | [00,53]. All days in a new | |
| | year preceding the first | |
| | Monday are considered to be in | |
| | week 0. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%x`` | Locale's appropriate date | |
| | representation. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%X`` | Locale's appropriate time | |
| | representation. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%y`` | Year without century as a | |
| | decimal number [00,99]. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Y`` | Year with century as a decimal | |
| | number. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Z`` | Time zone name (no characters | |
| | if no time zone exists). | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
| ``%%`` | A literal ``'%'`` character. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+
Notes:
(1)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, the ``%p`` directive only affects
the output hour field if the ``%I`` directive is used to parse the hour.
(2)
The range really is ``0`` to ``61``; this accounts for leap seconds and the
(very rare) double leap seconds.
(3)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, ``%U`` and ``%W`` are only used in
calculations when the day of the week and the year are specified.
Here is an example, a format for dates compatible with that specified in the
:rfc:`2822` Internet email standard. [#]_ ::
>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000", gmtime())
'Thu, 28 Jun 2001 14:17:15 +0000'
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but only the ones
listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C.
On some platforms, an optional field width and precision specification can
immediately follow the initial ``'%'`` of a directive in the following order;
this is also not portable. The field width is normally 2 except for ``%j`` where
it is 3.
.. function:: strptime(string[, format])
Parse a string representing a time according to a format. The return value is
a :class:`struct_time` as returned by :func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime`.
The *format* parameter uses the same directives as those used by
:func:`strftime`; it defaults to ``"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"`` which matches the
formatting returned by :func:`ctime`. If *string* cannot be parsed according to
*format*, or if it has excess data after parsing, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
The default values used to fill in any missing data when more accurate values
cannot be inferred are ``(1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1)``.
For example:
>>> import time
>>> time.strptime("30 Nov 00", "%d %b %y") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
time.struct_time(tm_year=2000, tm_mon=11, tm_mday=30, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0,
tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=335, tm_isdst=-1)
Support for the ``%Z`` directive is based on the values contained in ``tzname``
and whether ``daylight`` is true. Because of this, it is platform-specific
except for recognizing UTC and GMT which are always known (and are considered to
be non-daylight savings timezones).
Only the directives specified in the documentation are supported. Because
``strftime()`` is implemented per platform it can sometimes offer more
directives than those listed. But ``strptime()`` is independent of any platform
and thus does not necessarily support all directives available that are not
documented as supported.
.. class:: struct_time
The type of the time value sequence returned by :func:`gmtime`,
:func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime`. It is an object with a :term:`named
tuple` interface: values can be accessed by index and by attribute name. The
following values are present:
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Index | Attribute | Values |
+=======+===================+=================================+
| 0 | :attr:`tm_year` | (for example, 1993) |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 1 | :attr:`tm_mon` | range [1, 12] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 2 | :attr:`tm_mday` | range [1, 31] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 3 | :attr:`tm_hour` | range [0, 23] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 4 | :attr:`tm_min` | range [0, 59] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 5 | :attr:`tm_sec` | range [0, 61]; see **(2)** in |
| | | :func:`strftime` description |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 6 | :attr:`tm_wday` | range [0, 6], Monday is 0 |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 7 | :attr:`tm_yday` | range [1, 366] |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| 8 | :attr:`tm_isdst` | 0, 1 or -1; see below |
+-------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
.. versionadded:: 2.2
Note that unlike the C structure, the month value is a range of [1, 12], not
[0, 11]. A year value will be handled as described under :ref:`Year 2000
(Y2K) issues <time-y2kissues>` above. A ``-1`` argument as the daylight
savings flag, passed to :func:`mktime` will usually result in the correct
daylight savings state to be filled in.
When a tuple with an incorrect length is passed to a function expecting a
:class:`struct_time`, or having elements of the wrong type, a
:exc:`TypeError` is raised.
.. function:: time()
Return the time in seconds since the epoch as a floating point number.
Note that even though the time is always returned as a floating point
number, not all systems provide time with a better precision than 1 second.
While this function normally returns non-decreasing values, it can return a
lower value than a previous call if the system clock has been set back between
the two calls.
.. data:: timezone
The offset of the local (non-DST) timezone, in seconds west of UTC (negative in
most of Western Europe, positive in the US, zero in the UK).
.. data:: tzname
A tuple of two strings: the first is the name of the local non-DST timezone, the
second is the name of the local DST timezone. If no DST timezone is defined,
the second string should not be used.
.. function:: tzset()
Resets the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The environment
variable :envvar:`TZ` specifies how this is done.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
Availability: Unix.
.. note::
Although in many cases, changing the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable may
affect the output of functions like :func:`localtime` without calling
:func:`tzset`, this behavior should not be relied on.
The :envvar:`TZ` environment variable should contain no whitespace.
The standard format of the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable is (whitespace
added for clarity)::
std offset [dst [offset [,start[/time], end[/time]]]]
Where the components are:
``std`` and ``dst``
Three or more alphanumerics giving the timezone abbreviations. These will be
propagated into time.tzname
``offset``
The offset has the form: ``± hh[:mm[:ss]]``. This indicates the value
added the local time to arrive at UTC. If preceded by a '-', the timezone
is east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise, it is west. If no offset follows
dst, summer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.
``start[/time], end[/time]``
Indicates when to change to and back from DST. The format of the
start and end dates are one of the following:
:samp:`J{n}`
The Julian day *n* (1 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are not counted, so in
all years February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60.
:samp:`{n}`
The zero-based Julian day (0 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are counted, and
it is possible to refer to February 29.
:samp:`M{m}.{n}.{d}`
The *d*'th day (0 <= *d* <= 6) or week *n* of month *m* of the year (1
<= *n* <= 5, 1 <= *m* <= 12, where week 5 means "the last *d* day in
month *m*" which may occur in either the fourth or the fifth
week). Week 1 is the first week in which the *d*'th day occurs. Day
zero is Sunday.
``time`` has the same format as ``offset`` except that no leading sign
('-' or '+') is allowed. The default, if time is not given, is 02:00:00.
::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'EST+05EDT,M4.1.0,M10.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'02:07:36 05/08/03 EDT'
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.5.0,M3.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'16:08:12 05/08/03 AEST'
On many Unix systems (including \*BSD, Linux, Solaris, and Darwin), it is more
convenient to use the system's zoneinfo (:manpage:`tzfile(5)`) database to
specify the timezone rules. To do this, set the :envvar:`TZ` environment
variable to the path of the required timezone datafile, relative to the root of
the systems 'zoneinfo' timezone database, usually located at
:file:`/usr/share/zoneinfo`. For example, ``'US/Eastern'``,
``'Australia/Melbourne'``, ``'Egypt'`` or ``'Europe/Amsterdam'``. ::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'US/Eastern'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EST', 'EDT')
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'Egypt'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EET', 'EEST')
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`datetime`
More object-oriented interface to dates and times.
Module :mod:`locale`
Internationalization services. The locale setting affects the interpretation
of many format specifiers in :func:`strftime` and :func:`strptime`.
Module :mod:`calendar`
General calendar-related functions. :func:`timegm` is the inverse of
:func:`gmtime` from this module.
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#] The use of ``%Z`` is now deprecated, but the ``%z`` escape that expands to the
preferred hour/minute offset is not supported by all ANSI C libraries. Also, a
strict reading of the original 1982 :rfc:`822` standard calls for a two-digit
year (%y rather than %Y), but practice moved to 4-digit years long before the
year 2000. After that, :rfc:`822` became obsolete and the 4-digit year has
been first recommended by :rfc:`1123` and then mandated by :rfc:`2822`.
|
